RICE

General Account

The area under rice production is 45.35 million hactares in india.

India accounts for 20.3% of the world production.

The annual production of rice in india is 99.15 million tonnes.

Rice production in india is concentrated in the southern and eastern states.i.e. bihar, west Bengal, Assam, Orrisa, Uttar pradesh, Madhya pradesh, AP, TN, Kerala.

ORIGIN

Area comprising the gangetic plains below the foot hills of himalaya across North-East India Burma, Northern Thialand, Loas, Vietnam and South China.

 

CLASSIFICATION Indica , Japonica and Javanica

Characters	Indica	Japonica	Javanica
Type of grain	Awnless grain	May be awned or awnless grain	Awned grains
Habit	Long grains without stickness	Oval and round Short grain with unique stickness	Long panicle Long duration Low sensivity to daylenght Sparse tillering habit
Leaves	Slightly pubescent and pale green in colour	Narrow and dark green in colour	Stiff straw
Place	India	Japan	Indonesia

 

Oryza Sativa - O. indica, O. japonica and O. javanica.

All indian varieties belongs to O. indica race.

 

STRUCTURE OF PADDY GRAIN

Rice grain is a caryopsis.

Proteinis confined to the aleurone layer and is about 7-8%.

Rice is essentially a Short Day Plant.

Yield of Rabi crop is more than Kharif crop.

 

SEASONS AND ZONESAus, Aman and boro

Local name (As a/c 2 harvesting time)	Crop season	Sowing time	Harvesting time.
Aus ( WB, BR )/autumn rice	Kharif	May - June	Sept - Oct.
Aman or Aghani ( AI )/winter rice	Rabi	June - July	Nov - Dec
Boro ( WB ) or Dalua ( OR )/Summer Rice	Summer or Spring	Nov - Dec	March - April

·         

Two seasons - Kharif and rabi.

Zone - Middle, Upper and Trans Gangetic plains of India.

Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajsthan, Punjab, Haryana.

Soil - calcereous alluvial, riverine alluvium, saline and saline alkali soils.

Bihar

 

Summer  March - july / August (Ziad)

(a) Common Varieties - N.C. 1626, N. 136, Pusa 2.21, C.R - 44-35, Vishnu

Autumn : May/June - September/october

(a) Early Varieties : Pusa 2.21, Black Gora, C.R. 44-35, Brown Gora,Bala.

(b) Medium Varieties :  Seeta, I.R. 8, Jaya, Archana.

Winter  : Rabi - November/December

(a) Well drained areas :  Mahsuri, B.R.34, I.R.20, B.R.I.

(b)Ill Drained and

©low lying area : B.R.8, T-141, B.R.1

(d)Deep water areas : B.R.46, Jassuria

(e) Scented Varieties : Tulsimanjari, B.R. 43

 

·         RICE CULTURE

Three main methods are mainly followed in rice cultivation.

·         Dry system

With the onset of monsoon showers, the seeds are sown either by broadcasting or better by drilling in lines using the recommended variety and seed rate.

·         Semi-dry system

Crop is raised same as dry system but at the age of 1.5 - 2 months the rain water  form the tank is impounded in the field and thus making it wet land crop.

·         Wet system

Water is required right from the beginning. The land is ploughed and puddled in standing water.

Puddling helps in getting a soft, level field which is conductive to the establishment of a good paddy crop.

 

BENEFITS OF TRANSPLANTING

·         Establishment of the optimum plant population.

·         Seedlings are able to establish themselves faster.

·         They start early tillering and growth.

·         Weeding becomes easy and economical.

·         Plant protection measures cn be effectively adopted as crops are planted in stripe and there is walking space of 30 cm between each stripe.   

 

Seeds and sowing

·         Seed Treatment

·         Salt treatment - seeds should be put in common salt solution (1.06 specific gravity) and lighter seeds that float should be discarded.

·         Agrosan @ 100 g per 50 Kg of seeds to prevent seed borne disease.

·         Ceresan WP (0.1%) - soaking of seeds for 12 Hours then dried in shade for prevention of seed borne seeds.

·         Incubation

Treated seeds should in clean water for 12 hours and then drained for 12 hours and incubated in warm, moist place for 24 hours covered with gunnies to enable them to sprout before sowing in the nursury.

·         In some places incubation for 48 hours in cold weather.

 

 

 

 

 

NURSERY

Method	Area	Prep time
Wet bed method	500 - 1000m2	20 - 25 DAS
Dry bed method	500 m2	20 - 25 DAS
Dapog method	25 - 30 m2	11 - 14 DAS

Wet Nursery

·         Area - 10% of transplanting area.

·         Two ploughing in dry conditions

·         Puddling in standing water - 2-3 times.

·         FYM/Compost/Green Manure @ 5-8 tonnes / ha. DAP @1 Kg / bed.

·         Sprouted seeds are broadcasted uniformly on a thin film of water.

Dry nursery

·         Necessary in water constraints condition.

·         Seeds are sown uniformly on the bed, covered with a thin layer of soil/compost.

·         The beds are sprinkled with water as often as necessary to keep them moist.

Dapog nursery

·         Where early tansplanting is desired after a delayed receipt of water, this method is adopted.

·         Seedlings are ready in 14 days only.

·         Germinated seeds are sown on surface of banana leaves or plastic sheets @ 1Kg per m².

·         Germinating seeds are sprinkled with water every day.

·         After transplanting, the water level should be controlled at a safe level to avoid adverse effect on young seedlings.

TRANSPLANTING.

·         4-5 leaf stage are ready for transplanting.

·         2-3 seedlings are planted at 20 10 cm or 20 15 cmspacing.

·         Depth of planting - 2 -3 cm.

WET SEEDING OF RICE

Sowing of sprouted seeds directly on the puddled soil of the main field.

·         Reasons

·         Traditional practice was time consuming and labour intensive.

·         Expension of irrigated areas, availability of short duration rice cultivers, Cost efficient herbicides, increasing cost of transplanting and declining margin of profit have forced many farmers to shift to direct seeding.

·         Practices

·         Pregerminated seeds soaked in water for 12 hours and incubated for 24 hours are to be broadcasted evenally in a well levelled paddy field with no water stagnation.

·         "Drum seeder" - used to sow pregerminated seeds in the puddled soil.

Advantages of Drum seeder

·         Sowing in lines

·         Less seed rate (80 kg /ha),

·         Optimum plant stand,

·         Easy intercultural operations

·         Less labour requirement.

·         Higher production as compared to the traditional method.

 INTERCULTURE AND WEED CONTROL

·         Done three weeks after transplanting.

·         Hand weeding, rotary weeders and chemical weedicides can be used.

WATER MANAGEMENT

Water Requirement - 90- 190cm.

Disease and pest of rice

PEST	SYMPTOMS
Stem borer	"Dead heart' and White Head"
Gall Midge	"Silvery shoot or onion Leaf symptoms"
Rice Hispa	"White streaks on leaves"
Leaf roller	Leaf folding and causing typical white streak
Army worm or Earhead cutting caterpillar	Skeletonisinf of leaf blades and cut panicles at night.
Gundhi bug	Sucks milky juice of developing grains.
Green leaf hoppers	Transmits " Tungro virus"
Brown plant hoppers and white backed	Causes "Hopper Burn" and transmits "Grassy Stunt Virus Diseases"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diseases of Rice

DISEASE	PATHOGEN
Blast	Pyricularia oryzae
Brown spot	Cochliobolous miyabeanus ( Helminthosporium oryzae)
Stem rot	Leptosphaeria  salvinii
False smut	Claviceps oryzae - sativae
Sheath blight	Corticium sasakii
Bacterial leaf blight (Kresek Pase)	Xanthomonas oryzae
Bacterial leaf streak	Xanthomonas translucens f.sp. oryzicola
Tungro virus	Vector - rice green leaf hoppers
9.Khaira disease	Zinc deficiency
Akiochi disease	Hydrogen sulfide toxicity

 

Milling of Rice

1.           White rice

White rice is the name given to milled rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed. This alters the flavour, texture and appearance of the rice and helps prevent spoilage and extend its storage life. After milling, the rice is polished, resulting in a seed with a bright, white, shiny appearance.

2.           Brown rice

Brown rice (or "hulled rice") is unmilled or partly milled rice, a kind of whole, natural grain. It has a mild nutty flavor, is chewier and more nutritious than white rice, but goes rancid more quickly because the germ—which is removed to make white rice—contains fats that can spoil.

3.           Red rice

Red rice may refer to:

·         Red rice, also known as weedy rice, a low-yielding rice variety that persists as a weed in fields of better-quality rice.